5-9 mm mosquito. Most efficient malaria vector in the world. Africa carries 96% of global malaria burden — ~580,000 deaths per year, mostly children under 5.

Malaria has killed more humans than any other disease in history. WHO estimates 263 million cases per year. P. falciparum (most lethal strain) kills children within days without treatment.

Sub-Saharan Africa universally. Breeds in any standing water — puddles, rice paddies, hoof prints.

Bites at night (peak 22:00 - 04:00). Prefers humans over animals (unusual). One female bites 2-3 times per cycle, transferring parasites between hosts.

Africa carries about 36% of global rabies burden — 21,476 deaths per year, almost all transmitted by dog bites. Most victims are children under 15.

Once rabies symptoms appear, mortality is near 100%. Post-exposure vaccination works only before symptoms. Stray dogs are main reservoir. Major problem in DRC, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania.

Across all of Africa. Highest rabies burden: DRC, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya. Eradicated in: South Africa (urban), Egypt (mostly).

Stray and unvaccinated dogs are main reservoir. Children most vulnerable due to height and inability to defend themselves.

Up to 35 cm. Striking red-white striped fins with venomous spines. Native to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean coast of Africa.

13 venomous dorsal spines cause intense pain, swelling, nausea, occasionally breathing difficulty. Rarely fatal but agonizing. A hazard for divers and waders.

Coral reefs of the Red Sea and East African coast — Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique.

Slow-moving, fearless due to venom defense. Spreads fins to corner prey. Active at dusk hunting small fish and shrimp.