Black scorpion 8-10 cm with thick muscular tail. Genus name 'Androctonus' means 'man-killer'. Causes most scorpion deaths in the Middle East.

Potent neurotoxin causes hypertension, pulmonary edema, cardiac failure. Several hundred deaths/year across Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran. Children especially vulnerable.

Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Jordan. Hot deserts, rocky terrain, occasionally homes.

Nocturnal. Hides under stones and in cracks by day. Can be common in homes after construction in former desert.

Small (50-90 cm), sandy-coloured viper with serrated scales that rasp together producing a warning sound. Despite size, considered the world's deadliest snake by total kill count.

Estimated to cause 20,000+ deaths annually across its range — more than any other snake. Hemotoxin causes uncontrolled bleeding. Highly aggressive — strikes without provocation.

Dry regions from West Africa across Middle East to India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Sand, scrub, rocky desert.

Nocturnal. Makes a distinctive 'sizzling' sound by rubbing serrated scales — a warning. Strikes faster than human reflexes — multiple times per second.

Yellow scorpion 7-11 cm. Slender pincers, thick stinger tail. Considered the most venomous scorpion in the world by neurotoxin potency.

Powerful neurotoxin cocktail — drop for drop one of nature's deadliest substances. Mortality in children up to 70% without antivenom. 1-2 mg of venom worth $39,000 on research market.

Deserts and scrubland from North Africa across Middle East — Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan.

Nocturnal. Hides under stones, in burrows, in shoes left outdoors. Aggressive — strikes repeatedly when disturbed. Glows green under UV.

Black above, bright yellow below, paddle-shaped tail. Up to 1 m. The most widespread snake in the world — Indo-Pacific from Africa to Americas.

Highly potent neurotoxin — 10x more toxic than cobra. But docile and rarely bites swimmers. Most bites: fishermen entangled in nets.

Open ocean throughout Indo-Pacific — Australia, all Oceania islands, Indonesia, Philippines, India, even Pacific coast of Mexico/Central America.

Fully aquatic — cannot move well on land. Drinks fresh water from surface rain layer. Floats among debris hunting small fish.