Small, dark tick — the primary disease vector in Europe. Despite being only 3–4 mm, kills more Europeans annually than any other animal.

Transmits Lyme borreliosis (200,000+ cases/year), tick-borne encephalitis (3,500+ cases/year, ~30 deaths), babesiosis, anaplasmosis. The TBE vaccine exists.

Forests, parks, tall grass, urban green spaces. Most active April–June and September–October.

Quests on grass tips and twigs, latching on contact. Seeks warm, moist body sites. Feeds for 3–7 days before dropping off.

Tallest land mammal in Europe — up to 2.3 m at the shoulder, 700 kg. Bulls grow massive palmate antlers up to 1.5 m wide. Common across the boreal north.

Sweden alone records 5,000+ moose collisions per year — the moose towers over a car bonnet and crushes the cabin. Bulls aggressive in autumn rut and during calf season.

Boreal forests and wetlands of Scandinavia, the Baltics, Russia, Belarus, Poland.

Solitary or in small groups. Active at dawn and dusk. Charges dogs and humans during the September–October rut or when defending calves.

Up to 3.5 cm — Europe's largest social wasp. Yellow-brown with reddish-brown markings. Builds papery nests in tree hollows and attics.

A single sting is painful but rarely lethal. Multiple stings or anaphylactic shock can kill — about 30 deaths per year across Europe from wasp/hornet stings combined.

Forests, gardens, villages, and city parks across most of Europe except the far north.

Active by day. Hunts other insects — a colony eats 500 g of insects daily. Defends the nest collectively when disturbed within 5 m.

Grey or brown with a distinctive zigzag along the back, up to 80 cm. The northernmost venomous snake in the world — found inside the Arctic Circle in Lapland.

Hemotoxin causes pain and swelling. Around 0.5% of bites are fatal — usually only in children, the elderly, or those with allergies. About 7,500 bites per year across Europe.

Forests, bogs, heathland, and mountain meadows up to 3,000 m elevation.

Shy and retreating. Bites only when stepped on or cornered. Active by day in cool weather, by night in summer.

Common throughout Europe. Males reach 200 kg with razor-sharp tusks. Adapts well to humans — boars now roam parks of Berlin, Rome, and Barcelona; 3,000+ in Berlin alone.

Causes more wild-animal injuries in Europe than any predator. A sow defending piglets or a wounded male can disembowel within seconds.

Forests, fields, and increasingly suburban areas of major cities.

Lives in family groups (sounders). Active at dusk and night. Charges with tusks aimed at the legs and groin — capable of 40 km/h.

European wolf, smaller than its Russian or American cousins. Returning to Western Europe after centuries of absence — first wolves in Belgium since 1900 arrived in 2018.

Healthy wolves almost never attack humans — only 0–2 fatal attacks per decade in Europe. The real risk is rabid individuals; rabies is now mostly eliminated in Western Europe.

Forests and mountains of Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, the Balkans, and increasingly Germany, France, Belgium, and the Alps.

Hunts in packs. Highly intelligent and avoids humans. Communicates by howling over distances of 10 km.

Largest European deer — stags up to 240 kg with massive antlers. Found from Scotland to the Carpathians.

Hundreds of vehicle collisions yearly across Europe. Stags during the September–October rut occasionally attack humans, dogs, even cars — antlers are deadly.

Forests, moors, and parklands across Europe.

Lives in single-sex herds outside the rut. Stags roar to attract hinds; the sound carries for kilometres.

Large (up to 25 mm) robust fly with iridescent eyes. Females need blood for eggs — slice skin with bladed mouthparts rather than piercing.

Bite is significantly more painful than mosquito — feels like a needle. Can transmit anthrax, tularemia, Lyme disease, and EIA. Allergic reactions cause anaphylaxis in rare cases.

Forests, pastures, near water across all of Europe — most common in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Scandinavia, Germany, France.

Active in hot, sunny weather. Attracted to dark-colored, moving objects. Persistent — keeps following until it bites.

Up to 1.5 m and 25 kg. Apex predator of European freshwater. Sharp backwards-pointing teeth give terrible wounds.

No deaths recorded but documented attacks on swimmers — bites legs and arms, mistaking them for prey. Wounds are deep and require stitches.

Lakes and slow rivers across all of Europe except Iberia and the far south. Common in Scandinavia, Baltics, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany.

Ambush predator — lurks among reeds. Strikes with explosive speed. Eats ducklings, water rats, and even small dogs.

Largest of the lynxes — up to 30 kg. Tufted ears, short tail, dense spotted coat. The most numerous large cat in Europe, found from the Pyrenees to the Urals.

Recorded attacks on humans are virtually nonexistent. Risk only from rabid individuals or trapped animals defending themselves.

Dense forests of Scandinavia, the Carpathians, the Balkans, and parts of the Alps.

Solitary, secretive, primarily nocturnal. Hunts roe deer, hares, and grouse by stalk-and-pounce. Territory of 20–450 km² per individual.